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<title>Diffractometer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diffractometer</span></span>

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<p>A <b>diffractometer</b> is a <a href="Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">measuring instrument</a> for analyzing the structure of a material from the <a href="Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a> pattern produced when a beam of <a href="Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> or particles (such as <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> or <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>) interacts with it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle">Principle</h2></div>

<p><br>

A typical diffractometer consists of a source of radiation, a <a href="Monochromator" title="Monochromator">monochromator</a> to choose the wavelength, slits to adjust the shape of the beam, a sample and a <a href="Detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Detector">detector</a>. In a more complicated apparatus, a <a href="Goniometer" title="Goniometer">goniometer</a> can also be used for fine adjustment of the sample and the detector positions. When an area detector is used to monitor the diffracted radiation, a beamstop is usually needed to stop the intense primary beam that has not been diffracted by the sample, otherwise the detector might be damaged. Usually the beamstop can be completely impenetrable to the X-rays or it may be semitransparent. The use of a semitransparent beamstop allows the possibility to determine how much the sample <a href="Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbs</a> the radiation using the <a href="Intensity_(physics)" title="Intensity (physics)">intensity</a> observed through the beamstop.

</p><p>There are several types of X-ray diffractometer, depending on the research field (material sciences, powder diffraction, life sciences, structural biology, etc.) and the experimental environment, if it is a laboratory with its home X-ray source or a <a href="Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">Synchrotron</a>.

In laboratory, diffractometers are usually an "all in one" equipment, including the diffractometer, the video microscope and the X-ray source. Plenty of companies manufacture "all in one" equipment for X-ray home laboratory, such as <a href="Rigaku" title="Rigaku">Rigaku</a>, <a href="Malvern_Panalytical" title="Malvern Panalytical">Malvern Panalytical</a>, <a href="Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>, <a href="Bruker" title="Bruker">Bruker</a>, and many others.

</p><p>There are fewer diffractometer manufacturers for <a href="Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotrons</a>, owing to few numbers of x-ray beamlines to equip and the need of solid expertise of the manufacturer. For material sciences, Huber diffractometers are widely known and, for structural biology, Arinax diffractometers are the reference. Nonetheless, due to few numbers of manufacturers, a large amount of <a href="Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> diffractometers are "homemade" diffractometers, realized by synchrotron engineering teams.

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<p>X-ray diffractometer instruments can be used for a variety of purposes including imaging crystal structures, phase determination, and identifying unfamiliar substances for use in crystallography, inspection, and pharmaceutical research for drug efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A novel use of x-ray diffraction involves studying the surface of Mars to determine if it ever supported life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Centre_for_Diffraction_Data" title="International Centre for Diffraction Data">International Centre for Diffraction Data</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Neutron diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Spallation_Neutron_Source" title="Spallation Neutron Source">Spallation Neutron Source</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">Synchrotron</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFStanjekHäusler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stanjek, H.; Häusler, W. (2004-06-01). "Basics of X-ray Diffraction". <i>Hyperfine Interactions</i>. <b>154</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>119. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004HyInt.154..107S">2004HyInt.154..107S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AHYPE.0000032028.60546.38">10.1023/B:HYPE.0000032028.60546.38</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9540">1572-9540</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94993637">94993637</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labcompare.com/Spectroscopy/178-X-Ray-Diffractometer-XRD-Instruments/#:~:text=X-Ray%20Diffraction%20(XRD),of%20the%20X-Ray%20beam">"X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD Instruments) | Labcompare.com"</a>. <i>www.labcompare.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Turner, Stuart Matthew Robert (2017-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/thesis/Novel_X-ray_Diffraction_and_the_Remote_Analysis_of_Mars/10220447/1"><i>Novel X-ray Diffraction and the Remote Analysis of Mars</i></a> (Thesis). University of Leicester.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Crystallography625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_crystallography" title="Timeline of crystallography">Timeline of crystallography</a>

<ul><li>Crystallographers</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li>Biocrystallography</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bravais_lattice" title="Bravais lattice">Bravais lattice</a></li>

<li><a href="Miller_index" title="Miller index">Miller index</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystallographic_point_group" title="Crystallographic point group">Point group</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocal_lattice" title="Reciprocal lattice">Reciprocal lattice</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystallographic_restriction_theorem" title="Crystallographic restriction theorem">Restriction theorem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Periodic table</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_structure_prediction" title="Crystal structure prediction">Structure prediction</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Systems26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Hexagonal</a></li>

<li><a href="Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a></li>

<li><a href="Triclinic_crystal_system" title="Triclinic crystal system">Triclinic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">Growth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crystallite" title="Crystallite">Crystallite</a></li>

<li><a href="Equiaxed_crystal" title="Equiaxed crystal">Equiaxed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fiveling" title="Fiveling">Fiveling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aperiodic_crystal" title="Aperiodic crystal">Aperiodic crystal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">Quasicrystal</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase<br>transition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li>

<li><a href="Miscibility_gap" title="Miscibility gap">Miscibility gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_polymorphism" title="Crystal polymorphism">Polymorphism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Phase_transformation_crystallography" title="Phase transformation crystallography">Phase transformation crystallography</a></li>

<li><a href="Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Segregation_(materials_science)" title="Segregation (materials science)">Segregation</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinodal_decomposition" title="Spinodal decomposition">Spinodal decomposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostwald_ripening" title="Ostwald ripening">Ostwald ripening</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">Defects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grain_boundary" title="Grain boundary">Grain boundary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Disclination" title="Disclination">Disclination</a></li>

<li><a href="Grain_growth" title="Grain growth">Growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Abnormal_grain_growth" title="Abnormal grain growth">Abnormal growth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Perfect_crystal" title="Perfect crystal">Perfect crystal</a></li>

<li><a href="Stacking_fault" title="Stacking fault">Stacking fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Dislocation" title="Dislocation">Dislocation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vector</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_dislocation" title="Partial dislocation">Partial dislocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_slip" title="Cross slip">Cross slip</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank%E2%80%93Read_source" title="Frank–Read source">Frank–Read source</a></li>

<li><a href="Cottrell_atmosphere" title="Cottrell atmosphere">Cottrell atmosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Peierls_stress" title="Peierls stress">Peierls stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomer%E2%80%93Cottrell_junction" title="Lomer–Cottrell junction">Lomer–Cottrell junction</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Slip_bands_in_metals" title="Slip bands in metals">Slip bands</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Interstitial_defect" title="Interstitial defect">Interstitials</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bjerrum_defect" title="Bjerrum defect">Bjerrum defect</a></li>

<li><a href="Frenkel_defect" title="Frenkel defect">Frenkel defect</a></li>

<li><a href="Wigner_effect" title="Wigner effect">Wigner effect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">Vacancy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Schottky_defect" title="Schottky defect">Schottky defect</a></li>

<li><a href="F-center" title="F-center">F-center</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stone%E2%80%93Wales_defect" title="Stone–Wales defect">Stone–Wales defect</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond" title="Crystallographic defects in diamond">Defects in diamond</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bragg's_law" title="Bragg's law">Bragg's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedel's_law" title="Friedel's law">Friedel's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_of_constancy_of_interfacial_angles" title="Law of constancy of interfacial angles">Steno's law (constancy of interfacial angles)</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_of_rational_indices" title="Law of rational indices">Law of rational indices</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_of_symmetry_(crystallography)" title="Law of symmetry (crystallography)">Law of symmetry</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Bragg_plane" title="Bragg plane">Bragg plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Ewald's_sphere" title="Ewald's sphere">Ewald's sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin_notation" title="Hermann–Mauguin notation">Hermann–Mauguin notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structure_factor" title="Structure factor">Structure factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_ellipsoid" title="Thermal ellipsoid">Thermal ellipsoid</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Characterisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electron_crystallography" title="Electron crystallography">Electron</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron crystallography">Neutron</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_crystallography" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography">Nuclear magnetic resonance</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">Diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Direct_methods_(crystallography)" title="Direct methods (crystallography)">Direct methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Isomorphous_replacement" title="Isomorphous replacement">Isomorphous replacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_replacement" title="Molecular replacement">Molecular replacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Patterson_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Patterson map">Patterson map</a></li>

<li><a href="Phase_retrieval" title="Phase retrieval">Phase retrieval</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gerchberg%E2%80%93Saxton_algorithm" title="Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm">Gerchberg–Saxton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single_particle_analysis" title="Single particle analysis">Single particle analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CrystalExplorer" title="CrystalExplorer">CrystalExplorer</a></li>

<li><a href="OctaDist" title="OctaDist">OctaDist</a></li>

<li><a href="ShelXle" title="ShelXle">SHELX</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="Crystallographic_database" title="Crystallographic database">Databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bilbao_Crystallographic_Server" title="Bilbao Crystallographic Server">Bilbao Crystallographic Server</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crystal_Growth_%26_Design" title="Crystal Growth & Design">Crystal Growth & Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystallography_Reviews" title="Crystallography Reviews">Crystallography Reviews</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Chemical_Crystallography" title="Journal of Chemical Crystallography">Journal of Chemical Crystallography</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Crystal_Growth" title="Journal of Crystal Growth">Journal of Crystal Growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Kristallografija" title="Kristallografija">Kristallografija</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_Crystalline_Materials" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_New_Crystal_Structures" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carl_Hermann_Medal" title="Carl Hermann Medal">Carl Hermann Medal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ewald_Prize" title="Ewald Prize">Ewald Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregori_Aminoff_Prize" title="Gregori Aminoff Prize">Gregori Aminoff Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_crystallography_before_X-rays" title="Chemical crystallography before X-rays">Chemical crystallography before X-rays</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_crystallography_before_X-rays" title="Physical crystallography before X-rays">Physical crystallography before X-rays</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_crystallography" title="Timeline of crystallography">Timeline of crystallography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="International_Organization_for_Biological_Crystallization" title="International Organization for Biological Crystallization">IOBCr</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Associations12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Crystallographic_Association" title="European Crystallographic Association">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="French_Crystallographic_Association" title="French Crystallographic Association">France</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Crystallographic_Society" title="German Crystallographic Society">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystallographic_Society_of_Japan" title="Crystallographic Society of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystallography" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Crystallography">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Diffractometer&oldid=1286902895">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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